Sign up to receive Ballotpedia's daily newsletter Ballotpedia on Facebook Share this page Follow Ballotpedia Ballotpedia on Twitter Share this page Follow Ballotpedia Justices CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN ROBERTS ASSOCIATE JUSTICES SAMUEL ALITO AMY CONEY BARRETT NEIL GORSUCH KETANJI BROWN JACKSON ELENA KAGAN BRETT KAVANAUGH SONIA SOTOMAYOR CLARENCE THOMAS CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN ROBERTS ASSOCIATE JUSTICES SAMUEL ALITO AMY CONEY BARRETT NEIL GORSUCH KETANJI BROWN JACKSON ELENA KAGAN BRETT KAVANAUGH SONIA SOTOMAYOR CLARENCE THOMAS AMY CONEY BARRETT KETANJI BROWN JACKSON BRETT KAVANAUGH SONIA SOTOMAYOR CLARENCE THOMAS CASES BY TERM Supreme Court cases, October term 2026-2027 Supreme Court cases, October term 2025-2026 Supreme Court cases, October term 2024-2025 Supreme Court cases, October term 2023-2024 Supreme Court cases, October term 2022-2023 Supreme Court cases, October term 2021-2022 Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021 Supreme Court cases, October term 2019-2020 Supreme Court cases, October term 2018-2019 Supreme Court cases, October term 2017-2018 Supreme Court cases, October term 2016-2017 Supreme Court cases, October term 2015-2016 All earlier cases Supreme Court cases, October term 2026-2027 Supreme Court cases, October term 2025-2026 Supreme Court cases, October term 2024-2025 Supreme Court cases, October term 2023-2024 Supreme Court cases, October term 2022-2023 Supreme Court cases, October term 2021-2022 Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021 Supreme Court cases, October term 2019-2020 Supreme Court cases, October term 2018-2019 Supreme Court cases, October term 2017-2018 Supreme Court cases, October term 2016-2017 Supreme Court cases, October term 2015-2016 All earlier cases HISTORY OF THE COURT Cases by chief justice Cases by decade Cases by chief justice Cases by decade Recent vacancies 2022 VACANCY AND JACKSON CONFIRMATION 2020 VACANCY AND BARRETT CONFIRMATION 2018 VACANCY AND KAVANAUGH CONFIRMATION 2017 VACANCY AND GORSUCH CONFIRMATION 2022 VACANCY AND JACKSON CONFIRMATION 2020 VACANCY AND BARRETT CONFIRMATION 2018 VACANCY AND KAVANAUGH CONFIRMATION 2017 VACANCY AND GORSUCH CONFIRMATION Senior judges: Stephen Breyer , Anthony Kennedy The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the country and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. It is often referred to by the acronym SCOTUS . [1] The Supreme Court consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices . The justices are nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate per Article II of the United States Constitution . As federal judges, the justices serve during "good behavior," which means that justices have tenure for life unless they are removed by impeachment and subsequent conviction. [2] The Supreme Court is the only court established by the United States Constitution (in Article III ); all other federal courts are created by Congress . The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C. , in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. The court generally releases the majority of its decisions in mid-June. [2] Active Justices Article III Justices SCOTUS background Article III of the United States Constitution describes the original framework for the Judicial Branch . It establishes the U.S. Supreme Court as the nation's highest court and gives Congress the authority to create lower federal courts. Article III, Section 1 Section 1 establishes the Supreme Court of the United States. It gives Congress the power to organize the Supreme Court and to establish lower courts. It also states that justices can serve on the court for as long as they maintain "good Behaviour," and that the justices should be compensated for their service. Size of the court Article III gives Congress the authority to set the number of Supreme Court justices. The court has one chief justice and eight associate justices , but the number has fluctuated since 1789. Originally, the total number of justices was set at six by the Judiciary Act of 1789 . President George Washington signed the act into law on September 24, 1789, and he nominated John Jay to serve as the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. [4] The Judiciary Act of 1801 reduced the number of justices from six to five. [5] In 1807, Congress increased the number of justices on the Supreme Court to seven "in response to the geographic expansion of the nation and the increased caseload of the district courts in the west. The act established a Seventh Circuit, consisting of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and specified that the new justice be assigned to preside over the U.S. circuit courts within that circuit." [6] The Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837 created the Eighth and Ninth Circuits to provide for an expanded caseload due to the admission of new states to the Union. This Act also rearranged the Seventh Circuit and created two new seats on the Supreme Court to support the circuit court. [7] The Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 created the Tenth Circuit to represent California and Oregon , eliminated the California Circuit Court and added another member to the Supreme Court. This act gave the Supreme Court its highest number of members in history, with the chief justice and nine associate justices serving. [8] The Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 reorganized the circuits in the thirty-six state nation, reducing the number of circuits from ten to nine. This reorganization created a basic structure of circuits lasting to present day. The Act also eliminated three positions on the Supreme Court. [9] The Judiciary Act of 1869 again increased the size of the Supreme Court, setting it at nine justices, one for each circuit. [10] According to SupremeCourt.gov , "The Constitution states that Justices 'shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour.' This means that the Justices hold office as long as they choose and can only be removed from office by impeachment. The only Justice to be impeached was Associate Justice Samuel Chase in 1805. The House of Representatives passed Articles of Impeachment against him; however, he was acquitted by the Senate." [11] Section I states that justices will "receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office." According to the Judicial Learning Center, "This security allows judges to decide each case strictly in terms of the legal issues in front of them, no matter how unpopular their decisions may be," which helps guarantee judicial independence . [12] In 2016, the salary for Chief Justice John Roberts was set at $260,700, and the salary for the associate justices was set at $249,300. [13] Article III, Section 2 Section 2 establishes the court's jurisdiction. The court has original and appellate jurisdiction . Original jurisdiction is "a court's power to hear and decide a case before any appellate review." [14] According to 28 U.S. Code § 1251 , the Supreme Court has "original and exclusive jurisdiction of all controversies between two or more States." It also has "original but not exclusive jurisdiction of: (1) All actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; (2) All controversies between the United States and a State; (3) All actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens." [15] Appellate jurisdiction accounts for most of the cases on the court's docket, and is "The power of a court to hear appeals from lower courts. This includes the power to reverse or modify the the [ sic ] lower court's decision." [16] In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. [3] Nomination and confirmation process Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives the President of the United States the authority to nominate Supreme Court justices, and they are appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate . The newest member of the Supreme Court, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson , was nominated by President Joe Biden (D) on February 28, 2022, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7, 2022. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. [3] Choosing a nominee Although the rules for appointing and confirming a U.S. Supreme Court justice are set out in the U.S. Constitution, the process for choosing nominees is not codified in law. Past presidents have received lists of recommendations from the White House counsel, the attorney general and lawyers in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel. Justices have often been friends or acquaintances who shared ideological views with the president. [17] The nominating process is also influenced by individuals and organizations outside of the administration. The American Bar Association (ABA), through its 15-member Committee on Federal Judiciary, rates nominees as "well qualified," "qualified" or "not qualified." Others also lobby the president to choose nominees sympathetic to their views or to oppose those with whom they differ. [18] Some presidents have required that a nominee hold a specific position on a key issue in order to be considered for nomination, sometimes referred to as a litmus test . Such a test is typically on an important social issue. But a nominee's views do not always conform to their future opinions. Some justices have ruled in ways that surprised the presidents who nominated them. Notable examples are Justice Tom C. Clark (nominated by President Harry S. Truman), Chief Justice Earl Warren (nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower ) and Justice David Souter (nominated by President George H. W. Bush ). [19] The usual nomination process starts with the president choosing a nominee. It is not uncommon for the president to consult Senate leadership and the leaders of the Senate Judiciary Committee before deciding on a nominee. [20] [21] Consideration by the Senate Judiciary After the president nominates an individual, the Senate Judiciary Committee conducts a rigorous investigation into the nominee’s background, gleaning a sense of his or her judicial philosophy and temperament, which helps inform whether the senator will support the nominee. During this part of the process, the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on Federal Judiciary reviews the nominee. The nominee also visits with senators in their offices in order to help win support for nomination. The most public aspect of the process is when the nominee testifies before the Judiciary Committee and takes questions. The hearing, which is kept open at the discretion of the chair, can last more than a day, as members, particularly opponents, verbally spar with the nominee. Having the nominee appear before the committee became a part of the process beginning with the nomination of John M. Harlan in 1955. The first televised Supreme Court nomination hearing took place in 1981 for Sandra Day O’Connor. [20] [21] Typically, a week after the hearing is adjourned, the Senate Judiciary Committee holds a vote on the nominee. The committee’s practice has been to send the nomination, whether or not the nominee wins a majority, to the full Senate to allow the chamber to decide whether he or she should be confirmed. [20] [21] The debate in the Senate is scheduled by the Senate majority leader in consultation with the minority leader. In 2013, the Senate lowered the threshold to close debate on most nominations to a simple majority from 60 votes. But the change did not affect Supreme Court nominees, whose confirmation requires 60 votes to invoke cloture and end debate and proceed to a confirmation vote. [20] [21] Recess appointment The president also may choose to make a recess appointment, which would avoid the need for Senate confirmation. But the justice's term would end with the end of the next session of Congress, rather than the lifetime appointments provided by Senate confirmation. There have been 12 recess appointments made to the Supreme Court, most in the 19th century, according to the Congressional Research Service. The most recent was made by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. [20] [21] When a Supreme Court nominee is confirmed by the Senate, Article VI of the U.S. Constitution requires the individual to take an oath of office before officially taking his or her place on the court. Nominees must also take a judicial oath. According to SupremeCourt.gov , "The origin of the second oath is found in the Judiciary Act of 1789, which reads 'the justices of the Supreme Court, and the district judges, before they proceed to execute the duties of their respective offices' to take a second oath or affirmation." [22] Code of conduct The Supreme Court released a code of conduct for Supreme Court justices on November 13, 2023. A statement prefacing the code said, "For the most part these rules and principles are not new. [...] The absence of a Code, however, has led in recent years to the misunderstanding that the Justices of this Court, unlike all other jurists in this country, regard themselves as unrestricted by any ethics rules. To dispel this misunderstanding, we are issuing this Code, which largely represents a codification of principles that we have long regarded as governing our conduct." [23] All nine sitting justices at the time, Justices Roberts, Alito, Barrett, Gorsuch, Jackson, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Sotomayor, and Thomas, signed onto the code. Reuters' Andrew Chung and John Kruzel wrote, "The new code drew mixed reviews, with some critics noting the apparent absence of any enforcement mechanism. It was adopted after a series of media reports detailing ethics questions surrounding some Supreme Court members." [24] Expand the section below to read the text of the code of conduct as released on November 13, 2023. Circuit assignments Each Supreme Court justice is assigned to one of the 13 circuit courts of appeals , according to Title 28, United States Code, Section 42 . [25] "Circuit Justices are responsible for ruling on certain motions arising from their assigned circuits, such as motions for extensions of time. In the case motions for a stay of execution or other motions relating to death penalty matters, the Circuit Justice ordinarily refers the motion to the Court as a whole, but takes the lead in recommending a disposition of the motion," according to SCOTUSblog . [26] Click on your region to find more information about the court of appeals for your state. Political ideology of the justices Although the justices do not represent political parties, media outlets such as The Washington Post commonly characterize Justices Breyer, Kagan, and Sotomayor as liberal and Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Alito, Gorsuch, and Thomas as conservative. [27] Supreme Court scholars have also developed measures of the justices' political ideologies, such as the Segal-Cover score. The Segal-Cover score, which was first presented in a 1989 paper by State University of New York-Stony Brook professors Jeffrey Segal and Albert Cover, is based on an analysis of newspaper editorials published between the time of each justice's nomination to the Supreme Court and his or her confirmation by the U.S. Senate. Scores range from 0, which is the most conservative, to 100, which is the most liberal. [28] Updated Segal-Cover scores were included in the January 17, 2021, version of The Supreme Court Justices Database, a project led by Washington University in St. Louis professors Lee Epstein and Nancy Staudt and Emory University professor Thomas Walker. [29] The January 2021 scores for the justices appear below from most liberal to most conservative. What happens to this term's major SCOTUS cases in a 4-4 split? Heien v. North Carolina Integrity Staffing Solutions v. Busk Zivotofsky v. Kerry Yates v. United States Alabama Legislative Black Caucus, et al. v. Alabama, et al. Elonis v. United States Young v. United Parcel Service Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Arizona Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission King v. Burwell Obergefell v. Hodges Glossip v. Gross Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.; Conestoga Wood Specialties Corp. v. Burwell McCullen v. Coakley National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Riley v. California; U.S. v. Wurie American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. Abramski v. United States Bond v. United States Town of Greece, New York v. Galloway Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission United States v. Windsor Hollingsworth v. Perry Shelby County v. Holder Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl Vance v. Ball State University Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc. Clapper v. Amnesty International USA District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) Gibbons v. Ogden (1924) Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) Lochner v. New York (1905) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Sheldon v. Sill (1850) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) Marbury et al. v. Madison (1803) Click here for a comprehensive list of cases by chief justice and decade . Former Chief Justices The following individuals previously served as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. William Rehnquist - ( 1986-2005 ) The Rehnquist Court Warren Burger - ( 1969-1986 ) The Burger Court Earl Warren - ( 1953-1969 ) The Warren Court Fred Vinson - ( 1946-1953 ) The Vinson Court Harlan Fiske Stone - ( 1941-1946 ) The Stone Court Charles Evans Hughes - ( 1930-1941 ) The Hughes Court William Howard Taft - ( 1921-1930 ) Edward Douglass White - ( 1910-1921 ) The White Court Melville Fuller - ( 1888-1910 ) The Fuller Court Morrison Waite - ( 1874-1888 ) The Waite Court Salmon Portland Chase - ( 1864-1873 ) The Chase Court Roger Taney - ( 1836-1864 ) The Taney Court John Marshall - ( 1801-1835 ) The Marshall Court Oliver Ellsworth - ( 1796-1800 ) The Ellsworth Court John Rutledge - ( 1795 ) The Rutledge Court John Jay - ( 1789-1795 ) The Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met in the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City and then moved to Independence Hall in Philadelphia when the federal government moved there in 1790. In 1800, when the federal government moved for a final time to Washington, D.C. , the court met in various rooms in the Capitol Building. "Additionally, the Court convened for a short period in a private house after the British set fire to the Capitol during the War of 1812. Following this episode, the Court returned to the Capitol and met from 1819 to 1860 in a chamber now restored as the 'Old Supreme Court Chamber.' Then from 1860 until 1935, the Court sat in what is now known as the 'Old Senate Chamber,'" according to SupremCourt.gov . In 1929, "architect Cass Gilbert was charged by Chief Justice Taft to design 'a building of dignity and importance suitable for its use as the permanent home of the Supreme Court of the United States.'" Construction was completed in 1935, and the court moved to its permanent residence at One First Street Northeast, Washington, D.C. [30] According to SupremeCourt.gov , "As is customary in American courts, the nine Justices are seated by seniority on the Bench. The Chief Justice occupies the center chair; the senior Associate Justice sits to his right, the second senior to his left, and so on, alternating right and left by seniority." [31] [32] [33]

History of the Supreme Court History of the Supreme Court Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States Read about the last term Read about the last term Federal judicial appointments by president Article III, United States Constitution Landmark cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States U.S. Supreme Court website ↑ The New York Times , "On Language' Potus and Flotus," October 12, 1997 ↑ 2.0 2.1 SupremeCourt.gov , "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015 ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "The Judiciary Act of 1789: 'An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States,'" accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "The Judiciary Act of 1801: 'An Act to provide for the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States,'" accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "Establishment of the Seventh Circuit: 'An Act establishing Circuit Courts, and abridging the jurisdiction of the district courts in the districts of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio,'" accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "Landmark Judicial Legislation, Establishment of Eighth and Ninth Circuits," accessed February 23, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "Landmark Judicial Legislation, Establishment of the Tenth Circuit," accessed February 23, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "Landmark Judicial Legislation, Reorganization of the Judicial Circuits," accessed February 23, 2016 ↑ Federal Judicial Center , "Landmark Judicial Legislation, The Judiciary Act of 1869," accessed February 23, 2016 ↑ SupremeCourt.gov , "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)," accessed February 23, 2016 ↑ Judicial Learning Center , "Judicial Independence," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ U.S.Courts.gov , "Judicial Compensation," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute , "Original jurisdiction," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute , "8 U.S. Code § 1251," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute , "Appellate jurisdiction," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ NBC News , "A guide to the Supreme Court nomination," accessed February 13, 2016 ↑ CQ Press , "The Selection and Confirmation of Justices: Criteria and Process," accessed February 13, 2016 ↑ New York Times , "Presidents, Picking Justices, Can Have Backfires," July 5, 2005 ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 CRS Report for Congress , "Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President, Judiciary Committee, and Senate," July 6, 2005 ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 CRS Report , "Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure," March 9, 2015 ↑ 22.0 22.1 SupremeCourt.gov , "Text of the Oaths of Office for Supreme Court Justices," accessed February 27, 2016 ↑ Supreme Court , "Code of Conduct for Justices," November 13, 2023 ↑ Reuters , "Under fire, US Supreme Court unveils ethics code for justices," November 14, 2023 ↑ SupremeCourt.gov , "Circuit Assignments," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ SCOTUSblog , "New Circuit Justice Assignments," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ The Washington Post , "If Trump appoints a third justice, the Supreme Court would be the most conservative it’s been since 1950," September 22, 2020 ↑ American Political Science Review , "Ideological values and the votes of U.S. Supreme Court justices," June 1989 ↑ 29.0 29.1 Washington University in St. Louis , "The U.S. Supreme Court Justices Database," accessed April 19, 2021 ↑ SupremeCourt.gov , "The Supreme Court Building," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ SupremeCourt.gov , "Courtroom Seating," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ SupremeCourt.gov , "The Court and Its Traditions," accessed February 22, 2016 ↑ SCOTUSblog , "Court, without Scalia, reopens (UPDATED)," accessed February 22, 2016 Chief justice : Roberts Associate justices: Alito • Barrett • Gorsuch • Jackson • Kagan • Kavanaugh • Sotomayor • Thomas Breyer • Kennedy • Souter Burger • Chase • Ellsworth • Fuller • Hughes • Jay • Marshall • Rehnquist • Rutledge • Stone • Taft • Taney • Vinson • Waite • Warren • O'Connor • Baldwin • Barbour • Black • Blackmun • Blair • Blatchford • Bradley • Brandeis • Brennan • Brewer • Brown • Burton • Butler • Byrnes • Campbell • Cardozo • Catron • Chase • Clark • Clarke • Clifford • Curtis • Cushing • Daniel • Davis • Day • Douglas • Duvall • Field • Fortas • Frankfurter • Ginsburg • Goldberg • Gray • Grier • Harlan I • Harlan II • Holmes • Hunt • Iredell • H. 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