Electric Charges and Fields Electric Charge Conductors and Insulators Properties of Electric Charge Coulomb’s Law Forces between Multiple Charges Electric Field Electric Field Due to a System of Charges Physical Significance of Electric Field Electric Field Lines Electric Flux Electric Dipole Dipole in a Uniform External Field Continuous Charge Distribution Gauss’s Law Application of Gauss' Law Electric Charge Conductors and Insulators Properties of Electric Charge Forces between Multiple Charges Electric Field Due to a System of Charges Physical Significance of Electric Field Electric Field Lines Electric Dipole Dipole in a Uniform External Field Continuous Charge Distribution Application of Gauss' Law Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Electric Potential and Potential Energy Electrostatic Potential Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge Potential Due to an Electric Dipole Potential due to a System of Charges Equipotential Surfaces Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential Potential Energy of a System of Charges Potential Energy of a Single Charge Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field Electrostatics of Conductors Dielectrics and Polarisation Capacitors and Capacitance The Parallel Plate Capacitor Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance Combination of Capacitors Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor Electric Potential and Potential Energy Electrostatic Potential Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge Potential Due to an Electric Dipole Potential due to a System of Charges Equipotential Surfaces Relation Between Electric Field and Electrostatic Potential Potential Energy of a System of Charges Potential Energy of a Single Charge Potential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External Field Potential Energy of a Dipole in an External Field Electrostatics of Conductors Dielectrics and Polarisation Capacitors and Capacitance The Parallel Plate Capacitor Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance Combination of Capacitors Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor Current Electricity Current Electricity Electric Current Electric Currents in Conductors Ohm's Law Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity Mobility of Electrons Limitations of Ohm’s Law Resistivity of Various Materials Temperature Dependence of Resistivity Electrical Energy and Power in Conductors Cells, EMF, and Internal Resistance Cells in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff’s Laws Wheatstone Bridge Electric Current Electric Currents in Conductors Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity Mobility of Electrons Limitations of Ohm’s Law Resistivity of Various Materials Temperature Dependence of Resistivity Electrical Energy and Power in Conductors Cells, EMF, and Internal Resistance Cells in Series and in Parallel Kirchhoff’s Laws Wheatstone Bridge Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents Moving Charges and Magnetism Electromagnetism Magnetic force Motion in a Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Due to a Current-carrying Conductor: Biot-savart's Law Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Circular Current-carrying Loop Ampere’s Circuital Law Solenoid Force Between Two Parallel Currents (Ampere’s Law) Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole Moving Coil Galvanometer Kirchhoff’s Laws Electromagnetism Motion in a Magnetic Field Magnetic Field Due to a Current-carrying Conductor: Biot-savart's Law Applications of Biot-Savart's Law > Magnetic Field at the Axis of a Circular Current-carrying Loop Ampere’s Circuital Law Force Between Two Parallel Currents (Ampere’s Law) Torque on a Rectangular Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole Moving Coil Galvanometer Kirchhoff’s Laws Electromagnetic Waves Magnetism and Matter Concept of Magnetism The Bar Magnet Magnetic Field Lines Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid The Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field The Electrostatic Analog Magnetism and Gauss’s Law Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity Magnetic Properties of Materials Concept of Magnetism Magnetic Field Lines Bar Magnet as an Equivalent Solenoid The Dipole in a Uniform Magnetic Field The Electrostatic Analog Magnetism and Gauss’s Law Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity Magnetic Properties of Materials Electromagnetic Induction Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction The Experiments of Faraday and Henry Magnetic Flux Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) Inductance Mutual Inductance Self Inductance Alternating-Current Generator Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction The Experiments of Faraday and Henry Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy Motional Electromotive Force (e.m.f.) Mutual Inductance Self Inductance Alternating-Current Generator Alternating Current AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit Phasor-diagram Solution Resonance Power in AC Circuit Transformers AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors - Phasors AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit Phasor-diagram Solution Power in AC Circuit Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Atoms and Nuclei Electromagnetic Waves Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves Displacement Current Sources of Electromagnetic Waves Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum Definition and Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves Displacement Current Sources of Electromagnetic Waves Nature of Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Spectrum Definition and Characteristics of Electromagnetic Waves Ray Optics and Optical Instruments Ray Optics Or Geometrical Optics Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors Mirror Equation of Spherical Mirrors Refraction of Light Total Internal Reflection Applications of Total Internal Reflection Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces Refraction by a Lens Power of a Lens Combined Focal Length of Two Thin Lenses in Contact Refraction Through a Prism Introduction to Optical Instruments Microscope and it’s types Telescope Ray Optics Or Geometrical Optics Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors Sign Convention for Reflection by Spherical Mirrors Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors Mirror Equation of Spherical Mirrors Refraction of Light Total Internal Reflection Applications of Total Internal Reflection Refraction at a Spherical Surfaces Refraction by a Lens Power of a Lens Combined Focal Length of Two Thin Lenses in Contact Refraction Through a Prism Introduction to Optical Instruments Microscope and it’s types Electronic Devices Communication Systems Wave Optics Introduction to Wave Optics Huygens Principle Refraction of a Plane Wave Refraction at a Rarer Medium Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment Diffraction of Light The Single Slit Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern Polarisation of Light Introduction to Wave Optics Huygens Principle Refraction of a Plane Wave Refraction at a Rarer Medium Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment Diffraction of Light The Single Slit Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern Polarisation of Light The Special Theory of Relativity Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Understanding Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Electron Emission Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect Effects of Intensity and Frequency on Photocurrent Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation Particle Nature of Light: The Photon Wave Nature of Matter Understanding Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Electron Emission Photoelectric Effect - Hertz’s Observations Photoelectric Effect - Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s Observations Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect Effects of Intensity and Frequency on Photocurrent Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation Particle Nature of Light: The Photon Wave Nature of Matter Atoms Concept of Atoms Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom Alpha-Particle Trajectory Electron Orbits Atomic Spectra Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom Energy Levels The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation Concept of Atoms Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom Alpha-Particle Trajectory Electron Orbits Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen Atom The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation Nuclei Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus Size of the Nucleus Mass - Energy Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclear Force Radioactivity Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus Size of the Nucleus Nuclear Binding Energy Forms of Energy > Nuclear Energy Nuclear Fission

Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion Semiconductor Electronics - Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits Concept of Semiconductor Electronics Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor n-type Semiconductor p-type Semiconductor Diode or p-n Junction Semiconductor Diode Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier Concept of Semiconductor Electronics Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor n-type Semiconductor p-type Semiconductor Diode or p-n Junction Semiconductor Diode Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier Communication Systems Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems Sinusoidal Waves Modulation and Its Necessity Amplitude Modulation (AM) Need for Modulation and Demodulation Satellite Communication Propagation of EM Waves Bandwidth of Transmission Medium Bandwidth of Signals Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems Sinusoidal Waves Modulation and Its Necessity Amplitude Modulation (AM) Need for Modulation and Demodulation Satellite Communication Propagation of EM Waves Bandwidth of Transmission Medium Bandwidth of Signals The Special Theory of Relativity The Special Theory of Relativity The Principle of Relativity Maxwell'S Laws Kinematical Consequences Dynamics at Large Velocity Energy and Momentum The Ultimate Speed Twin Paradox The Special Theory of Relativity The Principle of Relativity Kinematical Consequences Dynamics at Large Velocity Energy and Momentum The Ultimate Speed Capacitors are used in flash cameras, electronic circuits, power supplies, tuning devices, and energy-storage systems. The source material also emphasises that capacitance depends on geometry and dielectric medium, not merely on the amount of charge stored. Definition: Capacitor A system consisting of two conductors having equal and opposite charges separated by an insulator or dielectric is called a capacitor. Definition: Capacity of Conductor The ability of a conductor to store charge is called the capacity of conductor. Definition: Capacitance The ratio of the charge Q given to one of the conductors of a capacitor to the potential difference V between the conductors is called its capacitance, given by C = Q/V. Definition: Dielectric Strength The maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can withstand without breakdown (of its insulating property) is called its dielectric strength. Formula: Basic Capacitance Formula: Spherical Capacitor C = 4πkε₀ · [\[\frac {ab}{(b − a)}\]] Formula: Cylindrical Capacitor C = \[\frac {2πkε₀ l}{2.303 log(b/a)}\] Concept Building What capacitance means in simple words A larger capacitance means more charge can be stored for the same potential difference. Capacitance depends on the size, shape, separation of conductors, and the dielectric medium between them. Capacitance does not depend directly on the charge already stored or the applied potential difference. Real-life analogy Think of a capacitor like a water tank: charge corresponds to water stored, potential difference corresponds to pressure, and capacitance tells how much water the tank can hold for a certain pressure. SI unit of capacitance: farad (F). In practice, capacitors are commonly measured in microfarads, nanofarads, and picofarads. A large capacitance means large charge storage at a comparatively small potential difference. Revision Box: Remember: A good capacitor stores more charge without causing dielectric breakdown. This is why dielectric strength is important. Dependence of Capacitance Capacitance depends on: geometry of the conductors, size of the conductors, distance between them, nature of the dielectric medium. For a given capacitor, capacitance is fixed by construction and material. Changing only charge or potential does not change its capacitance. Capacitors in Combination Series Combination Each capacitor carries the same charge. Potential difference across each capacitor may be different. The capacitor with smaller capacitance gets a larger potential difference. Parallel Combination Each capacitor has the same potential difference. Charges on capacitors may be different. This arrangement is used to obtain a larger effective capacitance at a low potential difference. Key Points: Capacitors Capacitance depends on the geometry (shape, size, separation) of the conductors and on the dielectric between them. In a series, the charge on each capacitor is the same, but the voltage across each is different. A series combination divides high voltage — the capacitor with the smallest capacitance gets the largest P.D., and it cannot store much charge. In parallel, the voltage across each capacitor is the same, but the charge on each is different, and it handles only low voltage. A parallel combination is used when a large capacitance at low potential is needed, as it can store a large amount of charge. Video Tutorials Shaalaa.com | Capacitor and Capacitance part 1 (Introduction) Related Questions VIEW ALL [97] During a thunder storm, the movement of water molecules within the clouds creates friction, partially causing the bottom part of the clouds to become negatively charged. This implies that the bottom of the cloud and the ground act as a parallel plate capacitor. If the electric field between the cloud and ground exceeds the dielectric breakdown of the air (3 × 10 6 Vm –1 ), lightning will occur. If the bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine the electric potential difference that exists between the cloud and ground. In a typical lightning phenomenon, around 25 C of electrons are transferred from cloud to ground. How much electrostatic potential energy is transferred to the ground? Charge on each capacitor remains same and equals to the main charge supplied by the battery. Potential difference and energy distribute in the reverse ratio of capacitance. Effective capacitance is even les than the least of teh individual capacitances. Consider the situation shown in the figure. The switch S is open for a long time and then closed. (a) Find the charge flown through the battery when the switch S is closed. (b) Find the work done by the battery.(c) Find the change in energy stored in the capacitors.(d) Find the heat developed in the system. A finite ladder is constructed by connecting several sections of 2 µF, 4 µF capacitor combinations as shown in the figure. It is terminated by a capacitor of capacitance C . What value should be chosen for C , such that the equivalent capacitance of the ladder between the points A and B becomes independent of the number of sections in between? Calculate equivalent capacitance of the circuit shown in the Figure given below: Three capacitors C 1 = 3μF, C 2 = 6μF, and C 3 = 10μF are connected to a 50 V battery as shown in Figure below: Calculate: (i) The equivalent capacitance of the circuit between points A and B. (ii) The charge on C 1 . Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. Find the equivalent capacitance between points A and B in the given diagram. A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor. The electric field between the plates decreases. Explain. A capacitor A of capacitance C, having charge Q is connected across another uncharged capacitor B of capacitance 2C. Find an expression for (a) the potential difference across the combination and (b) the charge lost by capacitor A. OR Two slabs of dielectric constants 2K and K fill the space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and plate separation d as shown in the figure. Find an expression for the capacitance of the system. Figure shows two parallel plate capacitors with fixed plates and connected to two batteries. The separation between the plates is the same for the two capacitors. The plates are rectangular in shape with width b and lengths l 1 and l 2 . The left half of the dielectric slab has a dielectric constant K 1 and the right half K 2 . Neglecting any friction, find the ration of the emf of the left battery to that of the right battery for which the dielectric slab may remain in equilibrium. 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